Your search resulted in 66 documents. Displaying 25 entries per page.
A comparison of the chemistry of alkaline copper and micronized copper treated wood
2010 - IRG/WP 10-30528
This paper discusses the chemistry of the reaction of alkaline copper and micronized copper with wood. The objective of this study is to examine the copper species produced in wood during the fixation reaction using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The initial experiments (phases 1 to 2) were designed to confirm the effect of time of treatment and solution concentration on the s...
Wei Xue, P Kennepohl, J N R Ruddick
Quantification of mobile copper (II) levels in micronized copper treated wood
2011 - IRG/WP 11-40550
The purpose of this study is to quantify the mobile copper(II) levels in micronized copper treated wood using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. A correlation between EPR and EDX intensities on mobile copper levels in a series of copper sulphate treated wood was created as a calibration standard. Laboratory treatments using micronized copper formulations were then carried out and ...
Wei Xue, P Kennepohl J N R Ruddick
Mobilized copper(II) concentrations in earlywood and latewood of micronized copper treated red pine
2012 - IRG/WP 12-30596
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used in conjunction with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to quantify total copper and mobilized copper retentions in MCQ and MCA treated red pine. The MCQ treated red pine was found to have higher copper retention than that of the MCA treated one. Earlywood in general had higher total copper content than latewood. The mobilized and complexed cop...
Wei Xue, P Kennepohl, J N R Ruddick
Effect of soil contact on reacted copper(II) levels in micronized copper treated wood
2013 - IRG/WP 13-30616
Small 3 to 4 mm thick and approximately 80 to 100 mm long, samples were removed from wood treated with micronized copper quat (MCQ) or micronized copper azole (MCA) and buried full length in a soil bed. Samples were removed after 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The total copper was determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and the amount of reacted micronized copper measured by electron paramagnetic r...
Wei Xue, P Kennepohl, Xingguo Jin, J N R Ruddick
Chemistry of copper preservative treated wood
2014 - IRG/WP 14-30651
The reaction chemistry of micronized copper wood preservatives is fundamentally different from any previous inorganic preservative system. In order to study the chemistry, analytical procedures had to be developed which allowed the determination of the total copper as well as the copper which reacted with the wood forming copper-wood complexes. With the success of this approach it also became poss...
Wei Xue, P Kennepohl, J N R Ruddick
Evidence for a role for precipitated copper on the chemistry of micronized copper treatments
2016 - IRG/WP 16-30690
Micronized copper preservative treatments of softwoods, result in mobile copper being formed by reaction of the basic copper carbonate (BCC) with the carboxylic acid functional groups in hemicellulose and pectic substances present in wood. Typically, the amount of reacted copper formed is approximately 0.3% Cu m/m. In this paper, two examples are discussed where remaining unreacted basic copper ca...
Wei Xue, P Kennepohl, J N R Ruddick
Marine testing of selected waterborne preservatives
1987 - IRG/WP 4137
In 1978 a marine test was established at West Vancouver, B C. to determine the performance of selected waterborne preservatives. The preservatives in test were chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA-C), ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA), a modified formulation of ACA which contained a higher copper content (modified ACA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) and ammoniacal zinc arsenate (AZA). The wood s...
J N R Ruddick
Application of radio frequency heating to accelerate fixation of CCA in treated round-wood
1999 - IRG/WP 99-40133
The potential of radio frequency heating to accelerate the fixation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in treated round-wood was assessed. Pre-dried Douglas-fir and western red cedar round-wood sections were pressure treated with CCA in a pilot plant retort, after which they were placed individually in a pilot radio frequency (RF) chamber. Based upon the color reaction of chromotropic acid with he...
Fang Fang, J N R Ruddick
Laboratory decay test of Burmese in and kanyin treated with three wood preservatives
1982 - IRG/WP 3210
Laboratory decay tests were performed on samples of In (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.) and Kanyin (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. and Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn f.) pressure treated with three wood preservatives - copper arsenic additive (CAA - a variation of ammoniacal copper arsenate), Arquad C-33 (a waterborne quaternary ammonium formulation), and tributyltin acetate (TBTA) dissolved in eth...
J N R Ruddick, R S Smith, A Byrne
Treatability of plywood containing intermountain Douglas fir veneers
1982 - IRG/WP 3203
Eighteen sheets of plywood were obtained which contained intermountain Douglas-fir veneers from two regions of British Columbia. Following pressure treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA type C) and ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) the preservative penetration and retention in individual veneers was assessed. It was concluded from the study that the intermountain Douglas-fir veneer could no...
J N R Ruddick, A Walsh
Report of meetings of remedial treatments Sub-group held in Madrid, Spain during 27-28 April 1988
1988 - IRG/WP 3502
J N R Ruddick
The effect of didecyldimethylammonium chloride on growth of different strains of mould fungus Gliocladium roseum
1995 - IRG/WP 95-10105
The tolerance and degrading ability of different strains of Gliocladium roseum towards didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) were studied. All four of the strains of Gliocladium roseum were tolerant to DDAC and after their growth on amended malt agar, the retention of DDAC in the medium was reduced....
Yu Zheng, J N R Ruddick
Results of survey conducted at Orlando to solicit attendee feedback on program design
1994 - IRG/WP 94-60026
J N R Ruddick
Are fungal cellar tests really necessary?
1989 - IRG/WP 2333
During the past decade the range of methodology used to evaluate wood preservative potential has significantly expanded. At the forefront of these new tools available to the scientist·is the fungal cellar. This technique, as currently applied, involves the exposure of treated and untreated samples to conditions of moisture and temperature which ensure optimum fungal attack. By comparison data wit...
J N R Ruddick
Testing of alkylammonium compounds
1981 - IRG/WP 2152
Following laboratory soil block tests which showed that Bardac 20 possessed a fungicidal threshold similar to that of chromated copper arsenate, treated ponderosa pine sapwood stakes were installed in a field test site near Vancouver, Canada. Two years after installation all the stakes show signs of fungal degradation. Seven stakes have been removed from the test due to total loss of strength afte...
J N R Ruddick
Fumigation as a remedial treatment: A review of North American literature
1983 - IRG/WP 3253
The development of the use of fumigants for eliminating decay in timber and roundwood in North America is reviewed. Initial experiments on oak wilt identified volatile chemicals which eradicated decay in roundwood. Subsequently, extensive experimentation on Douglas-fir poles in service showed that treatment with chloropicrin eliminated internal decay for more than ten years. Vorlex was also quite ...
J N R Ruddick
Proposed degradation pathway for quaternary ammonium compounds by mould fungi
1996 - IRG/WP 96-10166
One group of chemicals that has attracted considerable attention as potential wood preservatives are the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Based upon results of previous research this study confirmed the degradation pathway employed in QAC-tolerant fungi. For this experiment the two dialkylammonium compounds didecyldimethylammonnium chloride and dioctyldimethylammonium chloride were used. QAC-...
J L Bürgel, J Dubois, J N R Ruddick
Wood preservation and the environment: A Canadian perspective
1990 - IRG/WP 3577
The non-pressure (surface) and pressure treatment of wood impacts on the environment in four ways. These are: through the production of treated wood at sawmills and pressure treating facilities; during the storage of treated wood prior to use; when the pressure treated wood is placed in service; and finally, when the treated product reaches the end of its useful life and must be disposed. By refer...
J N R Ruddick
CCA component distribution in the heartwood of treated lodgepole pine and white spruce
1998 - IRG/WP 98-30173
As part of a comprehensive study on the influence of drying on heartwood permeability, the distribution of copper, chromium and arsenic (CCA) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) heartwood was examined with light microscopy. Stained microtomed sections were examined to determine the penetration pathway for the CCA. The microscopic observations re...
Y An, J N R Ruddick, P I Morris
The microbiological treatment of chlorophenolic preservative in spent utility poles
1993 - IRG/WP 93-50001-24
The number of pentachlorophenol (PCP) treated poles being removed from service is increasing, but disposal options for this material are limited. Biological Degradation of the preservatives in spent poles, before disposal or reuse, offers a promising technique. The reduction of PCP in treated timber, after inoculation with PCP-degrading bacterial species, Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus and Flavobact...
A McBain, F Cui, J N R Ruddick
The effect of service life and preservative treatment on the hardness of wooden poles
1989 - IRG/WP 3537
The surface hardness of utility poles is an important parameter which effects the acceptability of the pole as being safe to climb during line maintenance. The current investigation was designed to evaluate how the surface hardness of preservative treated utility poles is effected by the type of preservative, and the age of the poles. Chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA) treated red pine and jack pine ...
E B Jonsson, E M A Nilsson, J N R Ruddick
Water-borne preservative marine trials in Western Canada
1981 - IRG/WP 470
Red pine boards treated with chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper arsenate, copper zinc arsenic additive, a modified ammoniacal copper arsenate, and zinc arsenic additive, have been installed in a marine field test at West Vancouver, British Columbia. After two and a quarter years exposure, all the test samples are in excellent condition with the exception of those treated with the zinc ar...
J N R Ruddick
Fungal colonization of CCA-treated decking
2003 - IRG/WP 03-10491
The identification of fungi isolated from CCA treated decking in Vancouver is reported. About two thousands locations were sampled from over sixty boards recovered from six decks. Wood chips from each location were placed onto four different types of media. Of the large number of isolates obtained, around 15% were obtained from the interior of the boards. The succession of colonization in CCA-...
S Choi, J N R Ruddick, P I Morris
Calculation of preformance index of Bardac 20 (an alkylammonium compound) evaluated in a field stake test
1982 - IRG/WP 3206
Bardac 20 treated stakes have been in test for three years at the Westham Island test site near Vancouver, B.C. The Performance Index for the preservative was calculated and found to be 0.009 which infers that, at the standard retention, Bardac 20 added 0.9 y to the life of the stake. It may be concluded that when tested using a standard field stake test using ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws)...
J N R Ruddick
Relationship between bond strength and surface characteristics of CCA-treated Douglas-fir
1993 - IRG/WP 93-30008
Chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA) treated Douglas-fir was laminated using a commercial phenol-resorcinol resin. CCA treatment enhanced the water repelleney of wood espeeially in the presence of extractives. However, the shear strength of CCA treated wood was 12% lower in dry condition and 38% lower in wet condition after six cycles of vacuum-pressure test than that of untreated wood. Slight removal ...
K Yamamoto, J N R Ruddick