This paper provides a general discussion of the principles underlying the concept of using biological control agents for the protection of wooden materials from decay. The rationale for the current upsurge in interest in biological control is discussed and a critical appraisal of the technology compared with the use of chemical wood preservatives is included. The advantages and limitations associated with such technology are highlighted and comparisons drawn with the use of biological control in agricultural systems. The recent research in the field is briefly reviewed and areas where future research is required are identified.

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