In this research, we investigated the potential of utilising lignocellulosic biomass and mycelium for 3D printing applications to develop sustainable biocomposite materials. Our study began with a systematic investigation of various fungal cultures, including Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma resinaceum, Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum, in combination with substrates derived from municipal and industrial waste, such as brewer's grains, wheat bran, wood pellets and used coffee grounds. The research involved a series of preliminary trials to determine the most conducive substrate-fungus combinations for optimal mycelial growth and material properties. Following these initial assessments, we set out to develop an extrusion paste suitable for 3D printing, which required the selection and preparation of the gelling agents cornstarch and agar-agar to maintain the integrity of the fungal cultures in the composite material. Our 3D printing trials were used to refine the printing process and overcome challenges such as material viscosity and flow through the print nozzle. Adjustments were made to the starch concentration and printing parameters to optimise the extrusion process, resulting in the successful production of biocomposite structures. The results of this research emphasise the feasibility of biofabricating sustainable materials by fusing lignocellulosic biomass and mycelium and represent a promising avenue for the development of environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics in various applications. This study lays the foundation for further research to optimise material and process parameters, contributing to the advancement of sustainable materials science and the circular economy.

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