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Susceptibility of Lentinus lepideus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. to volatiles produced by Trichoderma spp
1987 - IRG/WP 1316
A range of Trichoderma species and strains were tested for their ability to produce fungistatic volatiles. Volatiles from all isolates produced fungistatic effects on Lentinus lepideus however wide interspecies and interstrain variability in the level of response was evident. Cross plating studies between the Trichoderma isolates and Lentinus lepideus showed that Lentinus lepideus was overgrown an...
A Bruce, C Johnstone, J A P McVey


Destaining wood sapstains caused by Ceratocystis coerulescens
1996 - IRG/WP 96-10159
Fungal sapstain does not reduce the strength of wood, but it does discolor the wood, detracting from its appearance and decreasing the value of wood and wood products. The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether wood sapstain caused by Ceratocystis coerulescens could be destained and existing growth eradicated. The hydroxyl radicals generation under optimized conditions destained the s...
S C Croan


Application of a novel strength evaluation technique during screening of wood preservatives
1986 - IRG/WP 2262
The effectiveness of CCA and ACA in treated aspen mini stakes tested using a novel bag procedure, with unsterile soil fortified with Chaetomium globosum and Ceratocystis albida, is reported. Good agreement between toxic limits determined using the standard weight loss procedure, and those determined by the strength technique were found, with some indication that the strength loss method is more se...
J N R Ruddick


The effect of precolonisation of blocks with common pole resident fungi on subsequent biological control of Lentinus lepideus by Trichoderma spp
1989 - IRG/WP 1387
Results of previous field studies have indicated that the spread of Trichoderma throughout the groundline regions of the interiors of creosoted poles are adversely influenced by the presence of large populations of resident mould organisms. Failure of the control fungus to develop and colonize all of the decay susceptible groundline region means that sucessful control of decay is most unlikely. Th...
A Bruce, T L Highley


Laboratory studies on the antagonistic properties of Scytalidium spp to Basidiomycetes with regard to biological control
1981 - IRG/WP 1130
This investigation was initiated to study the progress of the antagonism against various opposing species of basidiomycetes. The action of the FY strain of the Scytalidium spp isolated by Ricard and Bollen (1968) was compared with that of new isolates of Scytalidium spp against isolates of wood decaying fungi from British sites, specifically Lentinus lepideus the most common basidiomycete causing ...
P I Morris, D J Dickinson


The effect of Trichoderma volatiles on the growth and enzyme production of Serpula lacrymans
2000 - IRG/WP 00-10332
Although various authors have reported the biological control of Serpula lacrymans by Trichoderma spp. the mode of antagonism employed by Trichoderma is not yet clear. The work presented here concentrates on the production of anti-fungal volatiles for inhibition of S. lacrymans growth. Volatile mediated interactions were examined between four S. lacrymans isolates and a range of nine known Trichod...
S N Humphris, A Bruce, R E Wheatley


Assessment of the Inhibition of wood decay fungi by volatile organic compounds identified from Trichoderma spp.
1999 - IRG/WP 99-10302
Previous research identified five volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. that may be inhibitory to wood decay fungi. The effects of four of these volatile organic compounds, 2-propanone, 2-methyl-1-butanol, heptanal and octanal were tested over a range of concentrations against four selected wood decay fungi. The fungi were incubated in malt extract broth under appropriate conditi...
S N Humphris, R E Wheatley, A Bruce, C Payne


Integrated protection of freshly sawn lumber using Bacillus subtilis and selected fungicide
1997 - IRG/WP 97-10235
Bioprotection against stain fungi has tremendous potential for reducing discoloration of freshly sawn wood while decreasing chemical consumption. Unfortunately, most bioprotectants appear to be unable to consistently perform under the array of conditions to which freshly sawn wood is exposed. While research is underway to understand the nature of the inconsistent performance, a more pragmatic appr...
M E Mankowski, M Anderson, J J Morrell


Comparison between two laboratory test methods for determining the effectiveness on wood preservatives against blue stain in fresh wood
1987 - IRG/WP 2289
Most of the work done on determination of the effectiveness of new formulae for treating fresh wood against blue stain have been focussed on their use in the manufacture of saw timber. This work explains two laboratory methods, one which simulates the working and climatological conditions of factories making packages for fruit and vegetables in the Spanish Levante, showing that contamination of wo...
A M Navarrete, M T De Troya


Siderophore production by Trichoderma spp. and its importance in the biological control of wood decay fungi
1994 - IRG/WP 94-10070
Competition for iron as well as other micro-nutrients is an essential component of the microbial ecology of many ecosystems. A wide range of micro-organisms including fungi and bacteria have been shown to increase their ability to efficiently capture iron through the production of specialised iron chelating compounds called siderophores. Since iron is in low supply in wood and has been implicated ...
U Srinivasan, A Bruce, T L Highley


Effect of Volatiles from Trichoderma species on the regulation of protein synthesis in Serpula lacrymans isolates
2002 - IRG/WP 02-10440
The growth of wood decay fungi has previously been shown to be inhibited by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from selected Trichoderma isolates. No mechanism of action has however been established for such inhibition. This paper reports the effects of VOCs produced by Trichoderma pseudokoningii, T. viride and T. aureoviride on the growth of four dry rot isolates and corresponding protein synthesi...
S Humphris, R Wheatley, E Buultjens, A Bruce


A comparative study of some anti-splitting devices, using Eucalyptus saligna and hybrids of Eucalyptus saligna X Eucalyptus spp poles
1983 - IRG/WP 3251
It is commom for some Brazilian wood pole users to require devices such as banding steel, to avoid or reduce splits at the end of Eucalyptus treated poles. On other hand users and manufacturers do not have data to confirm the effectiveness of the banding steel types normally used such as galvanized "Steel-Belt" and galvanized "Wire-Belt". For this reason a comparative study was carried out includi...
F C Geraldo, J A C Sodré


Development of a disinfection treatment for oak logs to be imported from the USA
1984 - IRG/WP 3283
The European veneer industry depends greatly on oak supplies from the USA. To prevent the accidental introduction of the American Oak Wilt Disease (Ceratocystis fagacearum) into the member states of the EC, a disinfection treatment was developed for oak logs under consideration of the technical requirements of veneer production. Laboratory experiments and field trials in Germany and in the USA sho...
W Liese, M M Ruetze


Improved preservative penetration of spruce after pre-treatment with selected fungi. II. Creosote treatment, analysis and strength testing
1998 - IRG/WP 98-40106
This paper describes the creosote treatment and analysis of logs pre-treated with selected fungal agents as a method of increasing the porosity of the wood prior to preservative treatment. The paper also reports the subsequent strength testing of the timber to evaluate the effects of the fungal pre-treatment on the structural integrity of the wood. European spruce logs were pre-treated with eithe...
E J Tucker, A Bruce, H J Staines, B Rosner, K Messner


Variable tolerance of Ophiostoma spp. and Diplodia pinea to commercial antisapstain products
1998 - IRG/WP 98-10266
A recent survey of the occurrence of sapstain fungi in New Zealand, conducted at The University of Waikato, provided the opportunity to examine fungicidal tolerance amongst new isolates. It also enabled a comparison of tolerance amongst new isolates with those used in routine antisapstain screening trials at Forest Research. A rapid antisapstain laboratory disc trial was used to determine the ext...
D R Eden, C M Chittenden, B Kreber, J G Van der Waals, R N Wakeling, R L Farrell, T Harrington


Improved preservative penetration of spruce after pre-treatment with selected fungi. I. Fungal pre-treatment of pole sections
1998 - IRG/WP 98-40117
European spruce logs were pre-treated with either Phanaerochete chrysosporium, Dichomitus squalens, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma aureoviride for incubation periods of between 1-4 weeks prior to pressure treatment with creosote in a commercial treatment plant and analysed for strength and creosote uptake (see part II Tucker et al.). A method to pre-treat logs was optimised. The pole sections ...
B Rosner, K Messner, E J B Tucker, A Bruce


Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp. against basidiospores
1993 - IRG/WP 93-10027
All screening of potential biocontrol agents of wood decay fungi have previously been used against basidiomycete mycelium. Similarly, experiments designed to evaluate the mechanisms involved in antagonism (soluble metabolites and volatile antibiotics) between biological control agents and target fungi have always been carried out on mycelial inoculum. Basidiospores are a primary source of infectio...
U Srinivasan, T L Highley, S C Croan, A Bruce


Effect of thickened boron in preventing conidial germination of sapwood-inhabiting fungi
1994 - IRG/WP 94-30059
We evaluated the efficacy of thickened boron preservative "Diffusolä" in preventing conidia germination of sapwood-inhabiting fungi using plate bioassay, Southern Yellow Pine and sweetgum block tests, and green pine log sections. The test fungi were sapstain fungi Ceratocystis coerulescens, Ceratocystis minor, and Aureobasidum pullulans and mold fungi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, and Tric...
S C Croan


Natural durability of larch heartwood against decay
1997 - IRG/WP 97-10201
Larch heartwood has been promoted in Sweden and in other European countries as an alternative to preservative treated timber. It has even beeen stated that larch heartwood is more durable than preservative treated timber. This paper presents a compilation of facts from scientific reports on the durability of larch heartwood. Some recent data from this department are also reported. All data suggest...
T Nilsson


Characteristics of the pigments produced by sap-staining fungi
1997 - IRG/WP 97-10223
The present study was conducted to characterize the pigments produced by sap-staining fungi, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud and Ceratocystis piceae (Münch) H. and P. Sydow. The pigments isolated from tested fungi were identified as melanins by spectroscopic methods (UV and infrared spectra). The UV and the infrared spectra of the fungal pigments were similar to those of the synthetic me...
M Mori, M Takahashi


The relationship between blue-stain and bark beetles
1971 - IRG/WP 19
The attack of bark beetles on standing or in newly-felled stems provides special growth conditions to wood-inhabiting fungi. In the wood attacked by bark beetles, a specific and rich fungus flora is found, and from these fungi the economically important group of blueing fungi has been more thoroughly investigated. These fungi live on nutritive substances present in the cells, especially in the med...
A Käärik


Molecular phylogeny of Ophiostoma spp. related to blue-stain in pine
2002 - IRG/WP 02-10432
Blue-stain in coniferous woods is an economically important disease in many temperate countries, caused specially by genus Ophiostoma. Classical taxonomy of genus Ophiostoma is limited for the correct identification of many species, because of the similar macroscopic and microscopic characters, as well as the existence of some species complex. Molecular identification is a good complement to eluci...
M Villarreal, F Arenal, J Sánchez-Ballesteros, M T De Troya, F Llinares, V Rubio, A Navarrete


Effect of substrate type and moisture requirements in relation to colony initiation in two carpenter ant species
1999 - IRG/WP 99-10320
Conditions necessary for optimal colony initiation or the rate of initial colony expansion by early brood in the carpenter ant species Camponotus modoc and C. vicinus on various substrates conditioned to different moisture contents were studied. Camponotus modoc and Camponotus vicinus queens were placed in Douglas-fir, western red cedar and Styrofoam® blocks conditioned in sealed chambers at 70% ...
M E Mankowski, J J Morrell


Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) from Trichoderma spp.: effect of media composition on VOC production and level of inhibition of wood decay fungi
1997 - IRG/WP 97-10207
Production of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) by two Trichoderma isolates grown on either malt extract or minimal media was examined and statistically assessed to identify which VOC's were predominantly produced on each of the two media types. The VOC's were captured onto chromatographic absorbent from above the cultures of the fungi before being analysed by integrate...
A Bruce, R E Wheatley, C Hackett, A Kundzewicz


The influence of causing primary blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis imperfecta on selected properties of Scots pine wood
2002 - IRG/WP 02-10425
The effects of development in wood the fungi causing blue-stain on the wood properties are not univocal. There were been undertaken investigation to clear the influence of such fungi on selected physical and mechanical properties of Scots pine wood. Wet sap wood samples of fresh cut Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) were infested with pure culture of Ceratocystis imperfecta Mill. et Grenz and...
A Fojutowski


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