Your search resulted in 393 documents. Displaying 25 entries per page.
Enhanced Flame Retardancy in Wood via In Situ Polymerization of Phosphorus-Containing Ionic Liquids
2025 - IRG/WP 25-20736
…is limited by its natural flammability. Existing wood flame retardant technologies are often ineffective and lack environmental sustainability. Ionic liquids (ILs), known for their non-flammability and non-volatility, offer a green solvent solution to these challenges. In this study, we synthesized a novel…
J Jiang, Y Wu, J Luo, W Qu
Enhancing the Fire Resistance of Spruce Wood through Treatment and Additive Application: Small Flame Test Method
2025 - IRG/WP 25-20737
…with Burnblock® spray, were tested using “Small flame test method” according to EN ISO 11925-2:2011. The fire retardant product from Burnblock ApS is reported by the Danish company to be bioderived and non-toxic. The results for the untreated planed spruce showed moderate flammability whereas the Burn…
E S Mujanic, R Hasanagic, E Kerzic, L Fathi, M Humar
Securing Flame Retardancy in Wood: Durability After Artificial and Natural Weathering Test
2025 - IRG/WP 25-20738
…to fungal decay, and high flammability. Traditional flame retardant treatments improve fire resistance but suffer from significant leaching under environmental exposure, reducing their long-term effectiveness. This study introduces an innovative solution by integrating flame retardants with DMDHEU for Scots…
M Wu, L Martin, H Militz
The Study of the Preparation of Overlaid MDF with the Flame Retardant Impregnated Paper
2018 - IRG/WP 18-40848
…overlaid medium density fiberboard (MDF) was studied. The flame retardant impregnated papers (FRIP) were overlaid on the surface of the MDF for the fire protection. The results showed that: 1) The production of the FRIP was based on the technology of melamine-impregnated paper, which required the viscosity of the…
W Qu, M Wu, Y-Z Wu
Thermal stability of a wood protective biofinish and the influence of flame retardants on Aureobasidium cells
2017 - IRG/WP 17-30716
…information is available about the direct interactions of flame retardants with wood and micro-organisms. The yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium is the most important component of the biofinish. For the further application of biofinish treated wood as a building material and the possibilities of adding a flame…
S Rensink, E A M Klein Rot, M F Sailer
The whitening cause of Korean wooden heritage by flame retardant treatment
2015 - IRG/WP 15-20560
Korean wooden heritage used to treat by flame retardants in order to protect fire. There are 2 types flame retardant using for wooden heritage. These flame retardants treatment are basic measure that apply to wooden heritage along with other fire protection. The flame retardants cause white stains…
Jin Qyu Kim, Gyu-Seong Han, Yong Jae Chung, Hwa Soo Lee, Dong Won Son
Study on the Effects of Flame Retardant in Dancheong for Korea Wooden Cultural Heritage
2015 - IRG/WP 15-40692
…carbonate reacts to phosphate system, a main ingredient of flame-proofing agent.
Hwa Soo Lee, So Jung Lee, Gyu Seong Han, Yong Jae Chung
Effects of intumescent formulation of vinyl acetate-based coating on flame-retardancy of thin painted red lauan (Parashorea spp.) plywood
2011 - IRG/WP 10-40537
…intumescent formulation of vinyl acetate-based coating on flame-retardancy of plywood. Two sorts of widely used binder resin (BR) for vinyl acetate-based coating, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) and vinyl acetate acrylic copolymer (VAC), were used. The fire retardancy of coatings on plywood was assessed by a…
Chih-Shen Chuang, Kuang-Chung Tsai, Te-Hsin Yang, Ming-Kuang Wang, Chun-Han Ko
Fire, flame resistance and thermal properties of oil thermally-treated wood
2007 - IRG/WP 07-40361
…mainly deals with the preliminary investigation into fire, flame resistance and related thermal properties of such thermally modified wood. Slack wax and soybean oil were used as heating media for treatment at 220 ºC. Small-scale fire and flame resistance tests including the crib test and the two-foot tunnel test,…
Jieying Wang, P Cooper
Metal plate fasteners in trussed rafters treated with preservatives or flame retardants - corrosion risks
1977 - IRG/WP 3104
…water-repellents will give added protection. Salt based flame retardant treatments should not be used in conjunction with fasteners, as the potential corrosion risk is too high. Connector plates manufactured from stainless steel may be considered for use in high-hazard situations. Finally, it has been shown at PRL…
R A Laidlaw, L C Pinion
Uptake of copper by mycelium of wood decay fungi growing on copper S-substituted thioglycolate containing nutrient media
1998 - IRG/WP 98-10291
…of absorbed copper in the isolated mycelia by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Contents of copper in mycelia were the highest at the highest two concentrations of S-substituted thioglycolate and reached the value of 150 µg/g of mycelium of Trametes versicolor and 370 µg/g in the case of Coniophora…
M Humar, M Petric, F Pohleven, P Kalan
A comparative study and evaluation of methodologies used for determining wood preservative penetration
2011 - IRG/WP 11-20475
…specific wood samples followed by wood acid digestion/atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or solvent extraction/chromatography analysis. Several standard methods for penetration analysis were developed by various standardization groups (e.g. AWPA, CEN). They are mostly used in correlation with a specific wood…
R Craciun, R Moeller, J Wittenzellner, T Jakob, J Habicht
Silicon compounds as additives improving alkyd-based wood coatings performance
2010 - IRG/WP 10-40531
…with water was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyzed IR spectra comprise bands 1250 cm-1 typical for the SiC group and 800 cm-1 typical for vibrations of SiC and/or SiO groups. The presence of these bands in the spectra proves the occurrence of a reaction between cellulose and…
B Mazela, I Ratajczak, K Wichłacz-Szentner, P Hochmańska
Leaching Characteristics of Alder Wood Treated with Copper Based Wood Preservatives
2005 - IRG/WP 05-50225
…AWPA E11-97. Copper analyses of leachate were determined Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Results shows that alternative copper based wood preservatives were released higher copper amounts than CCA treated samples.
A Temiz, Ü C Yildiz, E D Gezer, S Yildiz, E Dizman
Influence of fungal exposure on the redistribution of copper in treated spruce wood
2002 - IRG/WP 02-10450
…mycelium and the nutrient medium was also determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Finally, light microscopic analyses of decayed samples was performed. Both copper-tolerant (Antrodia vaillantii) and copper-sensitive fungi (Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum) changed the distribution of copper in…
M Humar, F Pohleven, R J Murphy, D J Dickinson, I Moris, M Zupancic, P Kalan, M Petric
Characterization of zinc borate synthesized in laboratory and scaled-up study
2025 - IRG/WP 25-20730
…for this purpose: they are insecticidal, fungicidal, and flame-retardant. In this study, ammoniacal zinc borate synthesized in laboratory-scale and scaled-up were compared using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis and particle size distribution. Their effectiveness as fungicides when…
Laffite, E Fernandez, C M Ibañez
Sustainable and environmentally friendly bio-based protection against fire
2025 - IRG/WP 25-20756
Flame-retardant agents are used to confer fire resistant properties with effects strongly dependent on their ability to form char during the thermal degradation. The char coats the polymeric materials and provides a good barrier against heat and oxygen…
M Tanase-Opedal, A Larsson, P O Flaete
The content and mobility of copper, chromium and arsenic in the soil of a wood preserving plant using CCA
1998 - IRG/WP 98-50122
…from trees grown in the area, were also analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
In the desorption tests using acidic medium soils yielded among 1 and 513 mg/kg As, between 6 and 1945 mg/kg Cu, between 21 and 2400 mg/kg Cr; using distilled water they yielded between 1 and 23 mg/kg Cr; Cu concentration…
N Erdin, S N Kartal, A Dilek Dogu, M O Engür
Chemical investigation of 23-year-old CDDC treated southern yellow pine
1997 - IRG/WP 97-30141
…dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were used to study CDDC treated wood. The results of this study support modification of CDDC in treated wood with time. Data from ICP and…
D P Kamdem, C R McIntyre
Enhanced removal of CCA from treated wood by Bacillus licheniformis in continuous culture
1997 - IRG/WP 97-50083
…as Bacillus licheniformis. Analysis of the sawdust by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed 80% reduction in copper and 43% reduction in arsenic when the sawdust was exposed to B. licheniformis in a standard mixed culture for 10 d compared to an untreated control. Enhanced release of metals was demonstrated…
C A Clausen
Leaching from CCA-treated wood submerged in seawater: Effect of high loadings, and a comparison between laboratory and marine conditions
1996 - IRG/WP 96-50080
…1, 2, 4 and 6 months. The middle cube was analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy to provide the initial preservative loading for each block. After the submergence period end cubes were analysed to determine the amount of preservative remaining. Results showed that there was a time-related decrease in the…
R M Albuquerque, S M Cragg, J D Icely
Measurement of copper concentration in Cu-HDO treating solutions by handheld XRF
2022 - IRG/WP 22-20685
…were analysed with a handheld Niton XL5 Plus XRF Analyzer. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used as a reference method. The major advantages of portable handheld XRF spectrometry include: on-site immediate availability of analytical results, non-destructive analysis, a multielement capability, speed of…
P O Flaete
Fouling organisms as indicators of the environmental impact of marine preservative-treated wood
1995 - IRG/WP 95-50063
…chromium and arsenic contents of algae were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Elevated levels of Cu, Cr and As were found in the macroalgal mat from CCA-treated panels. These levels showed significant positive linear regressions with panel preservative retention levels. Higher levels of copper were…
R M Albuquerque, S M Cragg
Surface morphology and short-term water uptake of charred and coated wood
2021 - IRG/WP 21-40916
…of aesthetics and protection. By the treatment with flame the surface of wood becomes carbonized and a few millimetres thick charred layer is formed on the top of the wooden element. Further, the charred layer can be removed by brushing, which accentuates the structure of the surface. Additionally, for…
J Zigon
Premature failure of CCA treated vineyard posts from brown rot
1993 - IRG/WP 93-10016
…that the average life of the posts would be 5 years. Atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that the average above and below ground CCA retention for 13 failed posts were 17.32 and 14.80 kg/m³ of salt respecitively. Light and transmission electron microscopy showed that brown rot was the only cause of decay.…
R N Wakeling, A P Singh